6. A NEW INTERFEROMETER FOR MEASURING THE SPEED OF A BODY'S MOTION RELATIVELY TO AN ETHER
 
   In order to measure the speed of the earth or a body's motion in relation to an ether successfully, it is necessary to have an interferometer which would, because of motion, show an easily measurable shift between the parts of a split beam, which interfere. The proceeding analysis shows that this requirement is not fulfilled by Michelson's interferometer or by any other known interferometer. However, it is fulfilled only by my new interferometers, which are much better than they seem at first sight. They are very sensitive, of small dimensions and simple construction. In the first place they are designed to measure the speed of motion relative to the ether, that is to confirm the existence of an ether. Their use also excludes the uncertainty in connection with Lorentz contraction of a body's length due to motion through the ether. With this interferometer the Doppler effect has no influence on the magnitude of the shift of interference patterns.

Fig. 6.1

   The scheme of one new interferometer is presented in Fig. 6.1 where is a laser with a collimator, is a beam splitter of the laser light radiation, semi-transparent mirror, placed at an angle of 45° in relation to the direction of the laser radiation; , and are a mirrors; are photons from the collimated laser's source of radiation; are photons reflected by the splitter - the reflected part of the radiation beam; are photons passed through the splitter - the passed through part of the radiation beam; is a measurer of the shift between the interfered beams or a screen for observation an interference fringes shift and is a length of the interferometer side.
   The extreme coherence of the laser radiation enables this interferometer to function stably.
   When the system is at rest relative to the ether, the parts of the beam (photons), which are far from one another for or time shifted for , interfere, where is the length of one interferometer side and is the speed of light.
   In Fig. 6.2, we can see the scheme of interferometer function when it is moving at a speed through the ether in the direction of the laser radiation and when this motion is taken into consideration. In this figure is the displacement of the whole system and also of all the parts of the interferometer, while the part of the beam, which has been passed through the splitter, passes from the splitter to the mirror .

Fig. 6.2

   The initial position of the mirrors and the beam splitter is marked with a full line. The position of these components at the moment of the arrival of the studied ray is marked with an interrupted line. So, the mirror is shifted by into the position , the mirror is shifted by in the position , etc.
   For easier explanation of the interferometer's function, the shift in the figures is considerably increased in relation to the interferometer sides.
   When the interferometer starts to function, the part of the beam , is reflected from the splitter in the form of the beam which is not an object to be observed or taken into consideration. The other part of that beam passes through the splitter in the form of the beam in the direction of the mirror . During the time it takes that beam to reach the mirror from the splitter, all mirrors and the splitter shift in the direction of the interferometer's motion for the distance . While this beam passes from the mirror to the mirror all mirrors and splitter move for another distance . So by the time the beam reaches the splitter moving through the interferometer, which is shifted in the direction of the system's motion for the distance . Inside the interferometer, the beam passes the total way

(6.1)

and then a greater part of the beam passes through the splitter in the direction of the shift measurer and joins up for the purpose of interference together with the reflected beam which, at that moment reaches the splitter from the direction of the laser. When there is no motion of the interferometer relatively to the ether, photons from the plane of the wave whose mutual shift is interfere because the reflected part of the beam is late for in relation to the transmitted part of the beam . However, when the interferometer moves in relation to the ether, the beam splitter shifts forward for during the time while the beam passes all four sides of the interferometer. Because of that the beam interferes with the beam which is late for . So, that difference of the ways between the two beams, which interfere, is

(6.2)

   If we rotate the system through 180 degrees, then the interferometer in the ether will move in the opposite direction to the direction of the laser radiation, as it is shown in Fig. 6.3. So, the beam which has been transmitted through the splitter will pass the following way in the interferometer

(6.3)

and during this time the splitter moves in the direction of the interferometer's motion for and the difference of the paths of the interfered beams is

(6.4)

   From Eqs. (6.2) and (6.4) it works out that by rotating the system through 180° we obtain the difference of the shifts, which is measured by the shift measurer

(6.5)

Fig. 6.3

   For the time while beam travels along path inside the interferometer at velocity , the beam splitter passes the way at a speed , so we have the following relation

(6.6)

and from there and Eq. (6.5) we obtain

(6.7)

[In consideration we take that . So and . The exact equation is , but since then we can write .]
   The shift presented by Eq. (6.7) is rather big and there are no difficulties in measuring its magnitude and also a velocity of a body motion relative to the quiescent ether. This can be done with great accuracy. For example, if = 30 km/s and = 0.1 m then = 8·10^-5 m at rotation of the interferometer through 180°. If rotation of the interferometer is just 1°, the mutual shift of the interfered beams would be about 0.444·10^-6 m.
   As can be seen this interferometer is very sensitive and because of that the side should be small. For better stability, the interferometer has to be compact, for instance to be made out of glass in the shape of a cube of small dimensions. Three lateral sides of the cube should be mirrors and the fourth should be a semi-mirror, beam splitter.
   In order to reduce disturbance arising from repeated returns part of the beam into interferometer, and also for the sake of equalizing the intensities of the interfered beams, one mirror at least should be semi-transparent. In conformity with it the beam splitter would transmit more than it would reflect.
   Measurements taken with the interferometer like this eliminate any dilemma in connection with questions about the existence of the cosmic absolute quiescent ether and about the contraction of bodies, which move through the ether.
   In Fig. 6.4 a new and simpler interferometer is given with the same purpose as the previous one where: is a laser with a collimator, and are a beam splitters, is a mirror or a beam splitter and is a screen for observing interference which appears between the laser beams reflected from the beam splitter and from the mirror .

Fig. 6.4

   The interference shift caused by interferometer motion in relation to the ether, at interferometer rotation through an angle of 180° is given by

(6.8)